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so when I talked about earlier I don't

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mean that because you know that's like

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help you would like to live here when I

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mean earlier for me something more like

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this so the surface temperature cool

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down already it's nice and comfortable

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up there maybe like 30 40 degrees okay

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can you hear me better now and not

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really I have to speak a little bit loud

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and scream a little bit okay no problem

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I can do that so as I said before when i

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think about earlier i do not think about

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this hellish earliest earth but i rather

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think about the time when the surface

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temperature cool down when he had oceans

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at the surface and it was becoming too

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nice and comfortable and then you have

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volcanism and first volcanic islands

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that soak up the water the oceanic water

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and at some point magically you turn

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them two continents and this is exactly

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what I'm trying to investigate how we

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can actually come from this point to

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that point where we see humans and it

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sure no problem so yes no let's go to

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the next slide already so coming back to

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the question of habitability what's the

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motivation of the study for those who

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have not been there yesterday for the

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estimize speaks competition plate

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tectonics seems to be very important for

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habitability of a planet or at least for

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earth seems to be very important so on

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the one hand plate tectonics itself

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leads to the regulation of the

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atmosphere on large global timescales

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because we all know this you to cycle

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from the news from the last ten years or

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something like that and the cabinet in

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the sediment basins abducted by plate

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tectonics into the mantle and nutrients

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are replenished by wrkn ism and this way

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you can regulate the atmosphere and the

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amount of carbon in the atmosphere on

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large timescale

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so we speak about several millions of

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years hundreds of million years on the

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other hand at the plate boundaries to

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the plate pounds like helium it was rich

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for example years rich days which there

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is a hydrothermal vents that we already

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heard about this morning and people

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speculate that life may have originated

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at these hydrothermal vents or at least

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have been frozen developed at these

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points so the question is if you

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wouldn't have plate tectonics and if you

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wouldn't have played down where it's

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what we actually do have this

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hydrothermal vents or not or what they

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look different so there might be some

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kind of a connection also another thing

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which we should be very thankful for is

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that plate tectonics helps to maintain a

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magnetic dynamo so this dynamism

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magnetosphere keeps the atmosphere from

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erosion by solar wind and therefore

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makes earth even more comfortable for us

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so but this is just about plate

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tectonics what's now about countenance

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while on the one hand continents helped

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on earth to have an enhanced land-based

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evolution so ours and to have larger

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biodiversity and if you wouldn't have

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had continents and on the other hand

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there could be some kind of a relation

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between continents and plate tectonics

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and therefore an indirect factor for the

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habitability so when did continents

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formal herbs or some kind of pre

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continent and plate tectonics what do we

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actually know well we did learn this

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morning already that we don't know that

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much actually but we already heard about

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a teaser cones which are very stable

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crystals and the oldest one that have

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been found so fine with Jack hills in

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Western Australia are 4.4 billion years

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old so this is really ought is like 100

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million years after the moon-forming

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impact and the interesting thing about

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it is that they formed together with

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granite so it's more fun as a quest

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almost 20 net across you could call it

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and it forms when hydrated pizzetta

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crust is somehow recycled reloading in

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which kind however

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so at this time 4.4 billion years ago

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oceans and some kind of crust to

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recycling was present at this time I

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won't say that it's plate tectonics but

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something was going on at the time so

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here you can see the timeline of what

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people think different people think when

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continents did form on earth and how

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much coordinates formed when so some

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people argue that the first continents

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formed actually really 4.4 billion years

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ago some argue that took like six 600

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500 600 more million years and then we

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have several different models and

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observations depending on continents

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should it right up we had already four

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by four billion years ago as many

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continents as today or actually took a

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long time and gradually increase the

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mass of the continents so the data point

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that we do have like right in the

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beginning something has been there

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because we do have the circles and in

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the last 300 400 years 500 years we

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don't know roughly what the amount of

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continents but that's actually problem

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if you want to simulate continents and

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against continents and plate tectonics

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and our models because if we run models

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we see heat that we did have at the

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beginning of zeros in the interior of

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mental we should actually end up with a

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stagnant little planet so we heard

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yesterday again already about technip

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planets versus play tektronix planets so

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this would be like Mars this would be

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like Earth and if the amount is very

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very hot and warm you were most likely

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not have plate tectonics and first the

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planet has to cool going rather than to

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this age to be able to have plate

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tectonics so that's why we model it and

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try to see what happens when we can

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actually form continents and how long it

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takes and which processes can be used to

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get continent so this kind of picture

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you will see now in the next slide tues

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well i will explain it a little bit

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and you can see several different colors

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here in this picture and they are

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tracing the composition there is a black

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color like here for example is like

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mantle material non depleted by

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monumental silicates the blue collar is

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bizarre d crust the Flexi primordial

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crust has produced by mult green or like

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housing or less a thick crust is what

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could have been at the time and we found

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the circles first circle hmmm and the

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red color means that we really have

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granites continental crust like we see

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you today as continents and these white

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regions are always melt regions and

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above melt regions continental crust is

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formed and to actually come from besadii

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quest to continental crust you have to

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subtract the vet Posada quest we made it

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again to come to fair the quest Reese

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abducted again to come to real grenade

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for the crust so if you now just try to

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understand how continents actually

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influence a simulation of plate

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tectonics here we f or I've done seven

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models where is that with some kind of

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three continents so this fails across

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the screen quest to see if it can help

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to actually get plate tectonics and at

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this simulation you can see that at the

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boundaries of these three continents and

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the normal crust due to larger stresses

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clay tectonics initiate at this point

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and plates status abduct at these points

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so if you investigated over time you

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have more massive action new continent

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new physique fastest forming at some

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point as fairly classes also subtracted

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and then you can end up with the first

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countenance which are very very small

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but grow this time but the problem is

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that on earth we wouldn't start with his

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pre countenance we would start with a

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standard bizarre the crust that we also

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have it all other planets if you can

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investigates affirm or terrestrial

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planets I should say so then I started

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like an early Earth scenario so this

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deep data actually only for people that

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are mental conduction simulations that

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they believe me that I try to be as

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Earth's like or earlier like as possible

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using also present day or actually

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realistic yet stresses that you have to

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overcome to actually be able to break

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material to actually get weak sense to

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initiate plate tectonics and using

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peridotite med curves and they're

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already after very very short time

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services like 230 million years after

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the moon-forming impact so this starts

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at zero is the moon-forming impact we

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can see that we have a lot of convection

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going on in the mantle so the cause or

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basic North I only simulates a mantle

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and since we have so much heat in the

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mantle because planets start very hot we

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have very very a very silly little

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sphere and here you can see the

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different convection zone so why means

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that we have strong connection red means

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00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:14,800
that we have V convection and black

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means that we have no connection at all

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so if this would be a mass picture

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everything up here would be black on

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earth however since we have so much heat

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in the beginning everything's like

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moving around a little bit even the

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surface is locally mobilized at the

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surface but the problem is that Matt is

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really hot so the surface material

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cannot go down it's less dense and the

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material beneath and the mantle materia

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so the bizarre teclast always wants to

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somehow flow on top and only when demand

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is not that hot anymore plates can

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actually subtract into the mantle

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however after some time since this

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surface crust gets mobilized and pushed

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against each other surface crust this

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way can somehow recycle into the mantle

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because it's pushed together and this

238
00:11:14,780 --> 00:11:10,800
way you can

239
00:11:17,630 --> 00:11:14,790
have like melting right Vanessa crust so

240
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this quest then is remodel which is not

241
00:11:23,889 --> 00:11:20,540
play tectonics it's something different

242
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still have to find a name for that and

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this week you can actually form first

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first pair the crust and first

245
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continental crust and after 300 million

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years already have some larger

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00:11:47,329 --> 00:11:42,720
continents / that have been produced at

248
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that time without static tonics so here

249
00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:50,420
you can see that the the crustal volume

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over time again he is moon-forming

251
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impact and you can see that after some

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time crust actually felt across and

253
00:12:03,530 --> 00:12:01,170
continental crust formed at the same

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time because just everything that's the

255
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:05,730
surface some are pushed down at the same

256
00:12:12,740 --> 00:12:10,410
time very interestingly if you look at

257
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the arm stress field or the strain rate

258
00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:15,779
field we can see that again locally at

259
00:12:20,510 --> 00:12:18,510
these points where the first continents

260
00:12:23,540 --> 00:12:20,520
have formed we actually have rather

261
00:12:26,300 --> 00:12:23,550
large stressors so these are the points

262
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where later on during the evolution of

263
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the man to cool down plate tectonics can

264
00:12:35,930 --> 00:12:32,220
initiate again or actually can finally

265
00:12:38,180 --> 00:12:35,940
initiate and this now brings up a new

266
00:12:41,569 --> 00:12:38,190
idea of how actually continents and

267
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plate tectonics formed on earth there is

268
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a possible continent formation would be

269
00:12:46,430 --> 00:12:45,360
that in the beginning right here you

270
00:12:49,579 --> 00:12:46,440
would have some kind of service

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mobilization no subduction of the mantle

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material but rather pushing together of

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society crust this way pre continents

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00:13:02,420 --> 00:13:00,449
can be formed very early in time but it

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takes a long time and dismantle actually

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cuts down that we have the initiation of

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plant economics attached at this point

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so if you look again at the warrior of

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the continental crust what my modest

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would predict is that we have some crust

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formation continental crust formation

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right in the beginning then more or less

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nothing is happening for a large time

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and then the formation of the present a

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countenance shoots and starts begin due

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to the initiation of plate tectonics so

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so in this model it's about volume of

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the continent so I don't have different

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heights of continents yet so they all

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have the same height of 20 kilometers

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yep so the area forms automatically this

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time and you can you build up new

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continents and also continents can

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converge together this way you get

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larger countenance but the volume is

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restricted in such a way that I cannot

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have mountains yet did we have another

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question so how long after Earth's

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formation would you put the start of

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plate tectonics that really depends on

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the parameters so that's also why didn't

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gave her real number so here you can see

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that at some point suddenly plate

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tectonics heads in but this depends on

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really it can be anywhere in this region

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depending on how fast the mantle really

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cool how strong connection was on the

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exact initial parameters but you're so

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your diagrams it essentially shows it

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about a billion years after life it

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after we have fossils after life began

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on this earth is that true or am I

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missing that or I can't see that you

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mean this point here all right there so

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there's a what is more just an

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indication of that it takes a long time

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or can take a long time at until actual

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a tectonic starts but you can have some

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kind of continuous continent formation

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even though its own unique formation

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before real plate tectonics or present

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day like data tonics energy is so it's

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not a problem with the fossils because

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you would have some kind of continental

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preserved material right in the

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beginning already I'm sorry we don't

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have any more questions time for any

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more questions right now if you could

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have addressed this to Lena after